To a global, virtual, free, open, {future degree- & credit-granting}, multilingual University & School for the developing world and everyone, as well as loving bliss ~ scottmacleod.com
#Avatars in #MachineLearning ~ #GooglesPegman in #GoogleStreetView #TimeSlider Maps Earth #TensorFlowAI Translate #AvatarBotElectronicMedicalRecords for 7.9 billion people on planet in #RealisticVirtualEarthForSurgery #WUaSHomeRobotics @WorldUnivAndSch 1 #RealisticVirtualEarth~
#Avatars in #MachineLearning - #GooglesPegman in #GoogleStreetView #TimeSlider Maps Earth #TensorFlowAI Translate #AvatarBotElectronicMedicalRecords for 7.9 billion people on planet in #RealisticVirtualEarthForSurgery #WUaShomeRobotics @WorldUnivAndSch 1 #RealisticVirtualEarth~
Did you know that @UCDavis researchers use zebrafish to study reproductive diseases like ovarian cancer? The Zebrafish Facility houses more than 20,000 fish. Learn how our researchers use #modelorganisms to advance human health: https://t.co/6DWfd8HxS7
Did you know that @UCDavis researchers use zebrafish to study reproductive diseases like ovarian cancer? The Zebrafish Facility houses more than 20,000 fish. Learn how our researchers use #modelorganisms to advance human health: https://t.co/6DWfd8HxS7 📷: David Slipher/UC Davis pic.twitter.com/yyYOxBQyib
What genes to add back to 2x #AgeSpan with @OpenTargets?
For #WUaSLongevityGenetics' Institute & for #PhysicalDigital experiments, what genes to add back to 2x #AgeSpan w @OpenTargets per @GeoChurch of #HarvardMedicalSchool -
https://youtu.be/bnCEIPQFNnk & how best to #VRmodel #DrosophilaFly, WITH #ModelOrganisms in #BrainInitiative conf?
If you want to learn more about how to incorporate #neuroethics into your #BRAINInitiative grant applications, there's a discussion on that next week at the @USBrainAlliance meeting. Register for free today! https://t.co/HgZNuQpqSyhttps://t.co/YEx9cwXjAz
Thanks again for registering for "The Future of Expertise" online ISSIP Discovery Summit event which is about to start.
Even if you cannot join the zoom now - you will be sent the post event information, which will include the recording on ISSIP Youtube and the whitepaper on ISSIP publications.
Member ISSIP International Society of Service Innovation Professionals (ISSIP.org) Regular mail: Jim Spohrer, ISSIP #431, 3561 Homestead Rd, Santa Clara, CA 95051 spohrer@gmail.com, 408-829-3112 LI
Service is the application of resources (e.g., knowledge) for the benefit of another - what people do at work, with family, and in local communities. Improving the daily give and get of service is a priority for people, businesses, universities, governments, and all responsible actors capable of investing resources in positive change. Service innovations improve win-win interaction and change in business and society. Professional association platforms, like ISSIP.org, support our community members with recognition and awards for growing and sharing knowledge at events, in publications, via innovative offerings. ISSIP encourages the development of "T-shaped adaptive innovators" who demonstrate broad communication and deep problem-solving skills across six areas of expertise/practice and six types of service innovations. ISSIP promotes responsible actors learning to invest more systematically and wisely in people-centered, data-intensive, work systems innovations that enhance resilient quality of life, environmental wellbeing, meaningful, equitable, inclusive future of work, UN Sustainable Development Goals, and regenerative socio-technical-ecological-economic-political (STEEP) systems - AKA service systems.
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To celebrate this great
@The_ISSIP
panel on Expertise: new #WUaSWikiSchool or #WUaSWikiSubject at CC-4 http://OCW.MIT.EDU wiki
To celebrate this great @The_ISSIP panel on Expertise: new #WUaSWikiSchool or #WUaSWikiSubject at CC-4 OCW.MIT.EDU wiki @WorldUnivAndSch 'Expertise' - https://wiki.worlduniversityandschool.org/wiki/Expertise (accessible from https://wiki.worlduniversityandschool.org/wiki/Subject) to which I’ll add the recording of this conference
My texting comments and questions, and the text chat below this -
To celebrate and further this great ISSIP panel, I created a new wiki school or WUaS wiki subject at CC-4 OCW.MIT.EDU wiki World University and School called 'Expertise' - https://wiki.worlduniversityandschool.org/wiki/Expertise (accessible from https://wiki.worlduniversityandschool.org/wiki/Subjects) - to which I’ll add the recording of this conference, and have also added a MIT OCW Sloan School of Business talk, and a MIT Open Learning article - regarding expertise - with an invitation to wiki teach, add, curate, and grow this online wiki Expertise wiki subject, school & resource. Thanks for this timely ISSIP Expertise panel!
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Practical examples of new approaches to STEM education? I find this course CC-4 “CS First with Google at World Univ & Sch” - https://csfirst.withgoogle.com/s/en/home - learning the Scratch programming language via projects to be timely in these regards (and it’s potentially translatable with Google Translate into other languages spoken in the USA). Learning programming could be a very vital approach to learning other aspects of STEM. Other examples, Alex, All? What are some other online excellent courses to learn expertise, to gain expertise in programming or STEM knowledge? (You’ll find both this free open CC-4 ‘CS First with Google at WUAS’ course, and other related CC-4 ocw.mit.edu courses here https://wiki.worlduniversityandschool.org/wiki/Programming - too).
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Haluk, thank you for your timely presentation! In your new role, what ways do you see the possibilities for developing industry in new countries - rather than ‘off-shoring,’ with AI and expertise - and for developing new markets? Coming from Turkey, and brainstorming-wise, in what ways do you see developing new industry-academia relationships, and in the Turkish language, for example, dramatically, building on the fast pace of change in industry, and regarding cultivating T-shaped expertise in new cultures - and for example at CC-4 ocw.mit.edu -centric World Univ & Sch https://wiki.worlduniversityandschool.org/wiki/Turkey - and in the Turkish language - https://wiki.worlduniversityandschool.org/wiki/Turkish_language? Thanks.
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Haluk, All, for example, the Academic Press at World Univ & Sch - http://worlduniversityandschool.org/AcademicPress.html - is planning for translation between Turkish, and English and potentially any of all 7,151 known living languages, and to publish to 1) paper and 2 to a new #wuAsVR digital format (in a realistic virtual earth, text in the sidebar) and to Physical-Digital Bookstores and Robotics’ stores. How with ISSIP informed Expert-skills - and brainstorming-wise - to grow this in Turkey for example? Thank you!
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Larry, in what ways could CC-4 licensed (share, adapt, but non-commercially) ocw.mit.edu (now is 7 languages) already be a great example of this, in some ways?
@Larry: Perhaps regarding “to provide that value to society/industry” - by local or culturally-relevant or nation states' and states' degrees and certification processes too? (Am thinking partly in terms of life-long learning in each of all ~200 countries - https://wiki.worlduniversityandschool.org/wiki/Nation_States (in countries’ main languages)- as online universities for degrees, but especially wiki schools, the latter of which are ideal for lifelong learning and lifelong wiki teaching - and for individuals by teaching to wiki schools, or learning - can develop their own expertise in remarkable ways, T-shaped that is:) Thanks!
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Thanks for this great philosophical perspective, Rodrigo! Jim, you mentioned UC Berkeley philosopher Hubert Dreyfus in Rodrigo's introduction, and he's written about expertise and skills! -
"Brothers Stuart and Hubert Dreyfus proposed the model in 1980 in an 18-page report based on research done at the University of California, Berkeley. The model focuses on four mental functions: recollection, recognition, decision, and awareness and how they vary at each level of expertise"
As Jim knows well, it is difficult (but not impossible) to really have a deep relationship between academia and industry that does not get complicated with issues of IP and open publishing
Wilhelm Taurel - HSD to Everyone (8:21 AM)
@Jim the dual System has started in the vocational Training but has been enlarged into the academic education on Bachelor Level.
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (8:22 AM)
Heather's(point 2) Nine tensions and emergent expertise, (3) 4 validated workforce trends.
Note: slides will be on ISSIP slideshare after event - and everyone registered will getr a link
@TerriGriffith to Everyone (8:23 AM)
To @Jurji's point - happily, universities are also getting more interested (and maturing their skills) in developing joint IP
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (8:25 AM)
Heather's point (5) new roles emerging
@TerriGriffith to Everyone (8:26 AM)
First agreement LOL moment -- Heather nailed it: If you think you know the skills you need in the next 12-15 months, you'll be wrong.
Jurij P to Everyone (8:26 AM)
Watching some young people evolve in jobs closely, it would be good to create a company that would manage an employee’s 401(k), healthcare etc. over the course of a career.
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (8:26 AM)
Heather's point (6) - diversification of talent supply
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (8:28 AM)
Heather's point (7) fluid team formations - “unlocked” a talent marketplace internal to Mastercard
Jurij P to Everyone (8:29 AM)
Again, listening to experiences from new job entrants, there is a definitive Old Person culture (and I am old) that tries to hold onto hierarchies, and isolate themselves from judgement to allow them to maintain their position
How is middle and top level management assessed in the context of this new model ? It would be great to see case studies of this new world
Deacon Larry Hiner, PsyD to Everyone (8:30 AM)
Heather - sounds like trust!
Wilhelm Taurel - HSD to Everyone (8:32 AM)
Isn't such a Talent Marketplace model not limited to particular type of businesses (like Consulting or Prof Services)?
eiliftrondsen to Everyone (8:37 AM)
I would be curious to hear who has done what with using AI to shape the optimal personalized learning path (addressing the “so many resources (n IBM's learning platform)
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (8:39 AM)
Cindy's points (1) strategic advantage in talent - hence importance of expertise, (2) expertise more fluid than it use to be
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (8:39 AM)
Cindy's points (3) people keep less memorized in head, but asked to make more value judgments
Cindy points (4) Next-perts, heading in a directions, but needs leadership involved in new ways
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (8:42 AM)
Cindy point (5) growing and retaining expertise, more fluid than the ladder of the past
Cindy's point (6) What KM do for experts - communities of practice leadership (efficiency of sharing)
Cindy's point (7) teaching is the best way to keep learning
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (8:47 AM)
Cindy's point (8) size of organization and culture of expertise varies a lot….
Me to Everyone (8:47 AM)
To celebrate and further this great ISSIP panel, I created a new wiki school or WUaS wiki subject at CC-4 OCW.MIT.EDU wiki World University and School called 'Expertise' - https://wiki.worlduniversityandschool.org/wiki/Expertise (accessible from https://wiki.worlduniversityandschool.org/wiki/Subjects) - to which I’ll add the recording of this conference, and have also added a MIT OCW Sloan School of Business talk, and a MIT Open Learning article - regarding expertise - with an invitation to wiki teach, add, curate, and grow this online wiki Expertise wiki subject, school & resource. Thanks for this timely ISSIP Expertise panel!
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (8:50 AM)
Cindy's point (9) most people do not like busy work - routine, repetitive - these of course are AI targets (shifting to human judgement)
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (8:54 AM)
Alex's points (1) NSF focus on future of work at human-technology frontier - future technologies, (2) funding of new methods of training disabled workers, (3) funding of evolution of college education to prepare students for the future
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (8:56 AM)
Alex’s points (4) better than and/or with machines work of the future - adapting constantly
Alex’s points (5) US situation, very diverse entry level workforce - and under-represented populations in STEM jobs, pathways to undergraduate degree are changing
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (8:59 AM)
Alex's point (6) Vision 2030 - “missing millions”
Alex's point (7) life-long learning, adaptive, independent learners
Alex's point (8) disruption - credentialing system and institution changing
Alex's point (9) report on future has actions at the end
JST_Kazuyoshi Shimada to Everyone (9:03 AM)
I am thinking about the future that a crisis in the supply of human resources will bring. If we fail to respond to this new human resource need and fail to engage many people, we may not only lose business, but we may also create many people who want to be dependent on the dictatorship of a strong leader. We may have already begun to see this kind of movement in parts of society.
Davor Meersman to Everyone (9:04 AM)
What Sitra in Finland is trying to do is a very refreshing take on gov funding - not just traceable but scalable and open - e.g. fair data economy initiative
Me to Everyone (9:05 AM)
Practical examples of new approaches to STEM education? I find this course CC-4 “CS First with Google at World Univ & Sch” - https://csfirst.withgoogle.com/s/en/home - learning the Scratch programming language via projects to be timely in these regards (and it’s potentially translatable with Google Translate into other languages spoken in the USA). Learning programming could be a very vital approach to learning other aspects of STEM. Other examples, Alex, All? What are some other online excellent courses to learn expertise, to gain expertise in programming or STEM knowledge? (You’ll find both this free open CC-4 ‘CS First with Google at WUAS’ course, and other related CC-4 ocw.mit.edu courses here https://wiki.worlduniversityandschool.org/wiki/Programming - too).
Davor Meersman to Everyone (9:05 AM)
Technically it’s parliament-operated, but one could say state funding instead of gov funding
Deacon Larry Hiner, PsyD to Everyone (9:06 AM)
Human Worker as central focus - I love that!
Me to Everyone (9:06 AM)
Thank you, Alex!
Davide Nicolini to Everyone (9:08 AM)
I think Prof Ribeiro will have something to say about machines deciding about who is skilled...
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (9:09 AM)
@Davide - agreed :-)
Jurij P to Everyone (9:09 AM)
Can we get some concrete examples of how this expertise approach works and its impact ? How do we know that there is not a separation of HR based on their field and expertise based on technology and process. Meaning HR thinks one thing and employees and their business think something else. Some companies used AI to decide who was going to be fired.
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (9:09 AM)
people's judgement still very much needed
@TerriGriffith to Everyone (9:11 AM)
@Jurji - I'm very much looking forward to your thoughts on what I'll be presenting
Wilhelm Taurel - HSD to Everyone (9:11 AM)
Thanks for your informations! Have to leave.
Kevin Clark to Everyone (9:12 AM)
At Choiceflows we are working on "embodied research" at the heart of decision support systems (DSS). Nextgen versions of this in the pipeline capture expertise from people getting ready to retire and making their life skills available for organization in the future. Moving executive information systems (EIS) from C-suite to Main Street. Q: What work do you see being done to capture and harness expertise in AI/ML/DSS/system forms?
Deacon Larry Hiner, PsyD to Everyone (9:15 AM)
@Heather - yes on the servant leadership, especially as workers change from being "human resources" to valued members of society and organizations. Thanks for that.
Kevin Clark to Everyone (9:16 AM)
...follow up: and what do you see for capture of and access to expertise across ecosystems and value chains?
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (9:16 AM)
Book coming soon - Martin Fleming “Breakthrough” - speaks to work engagement
Davor Meersman to Everyone (9:19 AM)
The challenge in that platform-based knowledge economy is turning karma into a business model.
@TerriGriffith to Everyone (9:19 AM)
@Davor - you provide my second rueful LOL momen
Ray Fisk to Everyone (9:20 AM)
Thanks to ISSIP for hosting this Discovery Summit. I have to sign-off. I look forward to viewing the recording of this entire program.
Cindy Hubert to Everyone (9:20 AM)
Thank you, Jim and panel!
Heather Yurko to Everyone (9:20 AM)
Thanks all~
Haluk Demirkan to Everyone (9:20 AM)
I used to work in industry for almost 12 years (in large organizations like AT&T, Citibank, and startup like Microstrategy). Then spent almost 19 years in higher education. This year, I took a partial leave from University of Washington and joined a global company for almost 9 months ago. The gap between higher education vs. industry is 300% more than what I expected. And this gap is growing exponentially with very speedy technology changes.
Deacon Larry Hiner, PsyD to Everyone (9:24 AM)
@Haluk - can you postulate as to why that is the case - industry v. academia?
eiliftrondsen to Everyone (9:30 AM)
And I think this is a global problem, with a growing gap between industry and academia
@TerriGriffith to Everyone (9:31 AM)
@Haluk, I'll say we can work on the preparation issue by getting to tighter ties with industry. You can lead the charge!
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (9:35 AM)
Haluk's point (1) industry-academia the gap is bigger than expected
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (9:37 AM)
Haluk’s point (2) AI is improving little-by-little
Haluk’s point (3) years to build these solution, some people build it,, other people use it.
Haluk’s point (4) many challenges with AI - smarter technologies remain - not here yet
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (9:40 AM)
Haluk's point (5) off-shoring vs off-people (automation), not the panacea many think
Haluk’s point (6) augmentation is an important direction, but depends on data (clean and useful data)
Haluk's point (7) T-shaped adaptive innovator person
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (9:43 AM)
Haluk's point (8) rotation approach - for people
Jurij P to Everyone (9:44 AM)
What is going to happen to those without data skills
the csr folks on the front line dealing with customers, the sales folks dealing with sales ?
Deacon Larry Hiner, PsyD to Everyone (9:46 AM)
@Haluk - and then when does the course content become irrelevant? Is the half-life of "knowledge" actually 2 years?
@TerriGriffith to Everyone (9:47 AM)
Another reason higher ed needs to have strong industry partnerships -- the approval process (Haluk says a year to a new degree program, we were just told 3(!)) -- I expect if we walked into the approval process with a team of industry leaders, the university would find a way to make it work.
Alexandra Medina-Borja to Everyone (9:47 AM)
Yes, universities are slow and change in academia is really hard, but together with the National Academies we are trying to bring these issues to their radar and there are pockets of institutions/departments/societies that are starting to rethink their curriculums, pedagogies, etc.
@TerriGriffith to Everyone (9:48 AM)
Triple threat: University/Industry/NSF and other governmental science centers
Davide Nicolini to Everyone (9:48 AM)
A small provocation: what if the future problem was the opposite of what suggested by conventional wisdom ? machine learning builds on research done in the 1980s and that at the time was deemed "detached from industry"...
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (9:49 AM)
@Davide - please say more, interesting direction
@TerriGriffith to Everyone (9:49 AM)
@Davide - huge role for the humans in the process
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (9:50 AM)
Yassi's points: (1) research of industry's future skills needs
@Davide - can you say more about “future problem was the opposite of what suggested by conventional wisdom”
Me to Everyone (9:53 AM)
Haluk, thank you for your timely presentation! In your new role, what ways do you see the possibilities for developing industry in new countries - rather than ‘off-shoring,’ with AI and expertise - and for developing new markets? Coming from Turkey, and brainstorming-wise, in what ways do you see developing new industry-academia relationships, and in the Turkish language, for example, dramatically, building on the fast pace of change in industry, and regarding cultivating T-shaped expertise in new cultures - and for example at CC-4 ocw.mit.edu -centric World Univ & Sch https://wiki.worlduniversityandschool.org/wiki/Turkey - and in the Turkish language - https://wiki.worlduniversityandschool.org/wiki/Turkish_language? Thanks.
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (9:56 AM)
Yassi points (2) diagram summarizing a vast number of arfeas from specialized skills, to foundational skills, to mindset, to societal issues include diversity, equity, and inclusion
Kevin Clark to Everyone (9:57 AM)
Jim, thank you for the invitation to join today. Great session! Must drop now to host a call at the top of the hour. All the best to you and ISSIP!
Me to Everyone (9:58 AM)
Haluk, All, for example, the Academic Press at World Univ & Sch - http://worlduniversityandschool.org/AcademicPress.html - is planning for translation between Turkish, and English and potentially any of all 7,151 known living languages, and to publish to 1) paper and 2 to a new #wuAsVR digital format (in a realistic virtual earth, text in the sidebar) and to Physical-Digital Bookstores and Robotics’ stores. How with ISSIP informed Expert-skills - and brainstorming-wise - to grow this in Turkey for example? Thank you!
Deacon Larry Hiner, PsyD to Everyone (10:01 AM)
What if higher ed became a consultant to the lifelong learning process in industry and personal development?
Me to Everyone (10:03 AM)
Larry, in what ways could CC-4 licensed (share, adapt, but non-commercially) ocw.mit.edu (now is 7 languages) already be a great example of this, in some ways?
Michele Carroll, ISSIP Exec Director to Everyone (10:03 AM)
@Deacon Larry... your competency dev concierge, LLP (new meaning to the acronym) LifeLong Learning Process guide
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (10:05 AM)
@Terri’s points (1) expertise is evolving as we work with a growing diversity of tools, (2) supporting workers in an organization (not just employees)
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (10:08 AM)
Terri's point (2) tools changing rapidly - hiring us, or hiring us and our tools?
Terri point (3) Talen, Technology, Technique, Target, Times
Deacon Larry Hiner, PsyD to Everyone (10:14 AM)
@Scott, yes, for new knowledge and device development, to honor "expertise" and facilitate the growth without relying on specific research agendas. In terms of co-creating lifelong learning value, the institutions could be re-tooled to provide that value to society/industry.
@Michelle - we may need to open that topic up more interactively in real time?
Michele Carroll, ISSIP Exec Director to Everyone (10:17 AM)
absolutely. seeing possibilities in crafting ISSIP student projects for institutional members that cld pilot the concept...
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (10:20 AM)
Rodrigo points (1) explicit knowledge (amenable to codification) vs tacit knowledge (not amenable to codification)
Me to Everyone (10:20 AM)
@Larry: Perhaps regarding “to provide that value to society/industry” - by local or culturally-relevant or nation states' and states' degrees and certification processes too? (Am thinking partly in terms of life-long learning in each of all ~200 countries - https://wiki.worlduniversityandschool.org/wiki/Nation_States (in countries’ main languages)- as online universities for degrees, but especially wiki schools, the latter of which are ideal for lifelong learning and lifelong wiki teaching - and for individuals by teaching to wiki schools, or learning - can develop their own expertise in remarkable ways, T-shaped that is:) Thanks!
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (10:21 AM)
Rodrigo points (2) need people to apply tacit knowledge, three types of tacit knowledge (contingent, somatic, collective)
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (10:22 AM)
[what can be automated - a much more complex questions than it may seem on the surface]
regression happens when
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (10:22 AM)
regression happens when “you think you have automated something” - but really you have just shifted the “human judgement" to some other part of the system
maybe automation can occur in microworlds, much more difficult in the real world
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (10:24 AM)
many, many edge cases for driverless vehicles for example
Davide Nicolini to Everyone (10:24 AM)
In future discussions, we should distinguish between:
1. skills (ascribed and used often for inclusionary/ exclusionary purposes) 2. competencies/ (knowhow which is learned, developed and shared in/across communities and via texts) 3. expertise/experts and its legitimation (or contestation) Distinguishing between these three terms is important so that we do not talk pass each other. It is especially critical if we start using machine learning to decide who is “skilled”. Research increasingly shows that AI engineer focus on pragmatic issue and consider subtle distinctions as a waste of time, with the results that they build machines that embody some of our prejudices, biases and preconceptions. Would you trust an engineer to decide which “skills” make “a good leader?” or a good “team leader”? Would you trust an algorithm developed in some obscure lab in the Far East to decide who gets a US or UK visa (only skilled workers get visas in many).
Michele Carroll, ISSIP Exec Director to Everyone (10:25 AM)
Tacit knowledge - the only resource that does not depreciate (like aged wine)…
Jim Spohrer (ISSIP Host) to Everyone (10:26 AM)
Rodrigo point (3) expertise is important, tacit knowledge cannot be written down, only people can apply tacit knowledge, a complex socialization process humans go through
human judgements: relevant/irrelevant, risky/opportunity, etc.
Me to Everyone (10:30 AM)
Thanks for this great philosophical perspective, Rodrigo! Jim, you mentioned UC Berkeley philosopher Hubert Dreyfus in Rodrigo's introduction, and he's written about expertise and skills! -
"Brothers Stuart and Hubert Dreyfus proposed the model in 1980 in an 18-page report based on research done at the University of California, Berkeley. The model focuses on four mental functions: recollection, recognition, decision, and awareness and how they vary at each level of expertise"
: David Slipher/UC Davis https://t.co/yyYOxBQyib
Siwen Zhang
Tong Zhou
Guixia Wang
Zhuo Li