Tuesday, April 1, 2025

Moon (of earth): MIT Harvard synthetic biology course - 'HTGAA 2025 Week 9 || Cell-Free Systems |' - #RealisticVirtualEarth #ForAgingReversal too * * * Stanford Law Rock Center - "The Reincorporation Dilemma – Should Your Company Move Out of Delaware? Confirmation" & re WUaS Corporation, a legal entitty in the state of California * * * What's up with this now and regarding 5 years ago - https://scott-macleod.blogspot.com/2020/04/himalyan-monal-how-are-harbin-hot.html Wednesday, April 1, 2020 Himalyan Monal: How are the Harbin Hot Springs' Residents coping - in this time of 'national emergency' in the USA? * * * New newspaper ... "Hypothetical News" ... with first tentative headlines: The novel coronavirus COVID-19 (SARS CoV-2) pandemic has been primarily 1 a fire drill - i.e. 'in case of emergency' (eg genetic, war, nuclear) - and lead to governments, internet media, and economies working together internally in all ~200 countries, and internationally too * * * I think this question of caring for Harbin Residents comes back to the state of California and Lake County as governmental entities in part ... Residents are no more at Harbin (sociologically in many ways) ... with Harbin Hot Springs ~ Heart Consciousness Church hiring staff now, and post Valley Fire of September 12, 2016, for one ...



MIT Harvard synthetic biology course - 'HTGAA 2025 Week 9 || Cell-Free Systems |' -


Dear David (Sun Kong), Alex (Tran, with Rohan and Jieming as mentors), Yolanda (Xie, with Kyuho and Cathy Guo as mentors), HTGAA Presenters' Kate, Peter, Ally, All,  

Thanks once again for a fascinating 2025 HTGAA synthetic biology Week 9 Tu 4/1/25 online class - https://2025.htgaa.org/ - from one of the #GlobalListeners (and in MIT OCW-centric wiki World Univ & Sch seeking to build a #RealisticVirtualEarth (thinking Google Street View with time slider, with TensorFlow, and at the #GCellView and #GMoleculeView levels eg in a #RealisticVirtualEarthForCells and #RealisticVirtualEarthForMolecules … and with #AlphaFold3Server as well?)  - https://mit.zoom.us/j/95522544744 (and in MIT OCW-centric wiki World Univ & Sch planned in 200 countries and in their main languages eventually seeking to hire faculty to teach this and in a #RealisticVirtualEarthForSyntheticBiology and especially regarding #RealisticVirtualEarthForAgingReversal and #ForExtremeLongevity - #Hashtags on Twitter/X).


Thanks for beginning 2025 HTGAA Week 9  4/1/25 with Alex Tran's and Yolanda Xie's slides especially, and re 2025 HTGAA Week 7  3/18/25 (and see - https://scott-macleod.blogspot.com/2025/03/galapagos-tortoises.html) and - 

"Greetings, and thanks for another excellent 2025 How to Grow (Almost) Anything synthetic biology class today, Tu 3/18/25. Brainstorming, and regarding developing with synthetic biology a pharmaceutical genes' drug therapy to help people live beyond 122 years old (so regarding aging reversal AND extreme longevity / healthspan genetic drug therapies emerging), and with a muscle wasting reversal AND a higher, faster, stronger, more supple athletics' genetic component, per 2 student presentations just now,  how best to begin to formulate these genetic drug discovery question?

Slides 10 & 13 - 

Healthspan research projects (and team?) 

As a HTGAA Global Listener, and brainstorming, I was very appreciative of Alex Tran's slide 10  for "Engineering a Viral Cure for Lactose Intolerance" as an example for developing an approach (poster?) for developing a slide for developing with synthetic biology a pharmaceutical genes' drug therapy to help people live beyond 122 years old:

Alex Tran

And I was very appreciative of Yolanda Xie's healthspan focus with her slide 13: "Dose-response relationship of transient alterations in telomerase expression" 
Yolanda Xie 

The beginnings of a  possible team for this ?"


The beginnings of a  possible growing team for this with MENTORS and all?


2 
How to begin to develop these further and possibly with the new 
Google AI Studio (https://aistudio.google.com/) at the molecular level ... and perhaps by adding Central Dogma of Molecular Biology videos (below in Note 5) to https://aistudio.google.com/prompts/new_chat like the extraordinary replies I got when asking Google AI Studio how to make a #RealisticVirtualHarbin Hot Springs (my STEM and ethnographic field site, physical-digital in northern California) at the Google Street View with time slider level - and Google AI Studio saying how to do this ... and SEE the replies here - 

Saturday, March 29, 2025
5th Water Hotsprings, Diamond Fork Canyon (Utah): INCREDIBLE replies from #GoogleAIstudio - How best to begin w #GoogleAIstudio -https://aistudio.google.com/ building #RealisticVirtualHarbin #HarbinWarmPool ... ?



2 a

From this could we then build out digitally a viral cure for Lactose intolerance (per Alex Tran's slide) AND even reply to Yolanda Xie's research question too -  

"Mature human cells express low amounts of telomerase → linked to degradation of chromosomes and age-related senescence. Cancer cells overexpress telomerase, enabling uncontrolled cell division. Can we find a balance while transiently modulating telomerase expression?" in slide 13 


(re recommended paper - on your slide Yolanda Xie - 

TELOMERE EXTENSION
USING MODIFIED TERT mRNA
TO LENGTHEN HEALTHSPAN

... A DISSERTATION
SUBMITTED TO THE NEUROSCIENCES PROGRAM
AND THE COMMITTEE ON GRADUATE STUDIES at Stanford University (2014) -



2 b
(And by a realistic virtual earth / realistic virtual Harbin please visit the Harbin Hot Springs' Gate house here - 
... and to which we can add photos and videos I think ... and how to do so similarly in a #RealisticVirtualEarthForGenetics and #RealisticVirtualEarthForSyntheticBiology ... with #TextInTheSidebar of Google Street View with Time Slider / GCellView GMoleculeView too )?



3
And, Ally Huang, how to build such a #RealisticVirtualEarth and especially a #RealisticVirtualUniverse for Education, and possibly with digital BioBits (eg at WUaS, a #RealisticVirtualEarthForSTEM as classrooms and field sites) - and scientific experiments in space as well, AND re your great work Ally and all -

Thanks so much, 
Scott 
Scott Gordon MacLeod 
Scott Gordon MacLeod, Canyon, 94516, SF Bay Area, US (in the HTGAA Zoom chat renaming process)
 



PS
From text chat - 
Thank you, Kate! Fascinating … in a #RealisticVirtualEarth (thinking Google Street View with time slider, with TensorFlow, and at the #GCellView and #GMoleculeView levels eg in a #RealisticVirtualEarthForCells and #RealisticVirtualEarthForMolecules … and with #AlphaFold3Server as well?)   


Notes 1

Yolanda - 
Relevant paper on Yolanda's slide -
Telomere Extension Using Modified TERT mRNA to Lengthen Healthspan
https://purl.stanford.edu/vb798wq6556
Is this it ? -

https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/vb798wq6556/Dissertation%20-%20John%20Ramunas-augmented.pdf

mentors - 


Notes 2
2025 HTGAA 4/1/25 Presenters -


From Classrooms to Space:
Freeze-Dried Cell-Free
Technology for Educational
Applications
Ally Huang, BioBits
ally@minipcr.com
Lead Research Scientist at minPCR bio






Notes 3

htgaa final project ideas 
3 aims

1
tangible experimental or computational


2 & 3 more visionary 


there should be some kind of synthetic biology in it ... 



Note 4





Note 5

central dogma of molecular biology dna to rna to protein

Central Dogma of Biology
https://youtu.be/0VA275plaQE



central dogma of biology dna - rna - proteins

The Central Dogma: Transcription and Translation
https://youtu.be/yLQe138HY3s



Note 6 

Google AI Studio 




Note 7 

5th Water Hotsprings, Diamond Fork Canyon (Utah): INCREDIBLE replies from #GoogleAIstudio - How best to begin w #GoogleAIstudio -https://aistudio.google.com/ building #RealisticVirtualHarbin #HarbinWarmPool ... ?




And again - 

Note 8 

Great new #AItools for a #RealisticVirtualEarthForProteins in #RealisticVirtualEarth #ForEverything
What if we could stand inside #AlphaProteo in a #NDimensional #WUaSMultimediaBarn to #WikiBuildCode it out further like in the #HarbinWarmPool @HarbinBook ?









Retweeting - 

Google DeepMind
@GoogleDeepMind

We’re presenting AlphaProteo: an AI system for designing novel proteins that bind more successfully to target molecules. 🧬

It could help scientists better understand how biological systems function, save time in research, advance drug design and more. 🧵 dpmd.ai/3XuMqbX




Note 9 


Note 10 

Greetings #HTGAAbios #HTGAAbiologists #HTGAA fr #MITOCW-centric @WorldUnivAndSch & in growing a #RealiisticVirtualEarthForSyntheticBiology #RealisticVirtualEarthForGenetics in #RealisticVirtualEarth & #RealisticVirtualHarbin & #AgingReversal & #ExtremeLongevity #GeneTherapies ~

https://x.com/Q_YogaMacFlower/status/1889391367325098296

https://x.com/WorldUnivAndSch/status/1889391208340004930

https://x.com/scottmacleod/status/1889391284261102037

https://x.com/HarbinBook/status/1889391962719130003

https://x.com/sgkmacleod/status/1889391654450446421

https://x.com/WUaSPress/status/1889391885153935765

--


Society, Information Technology, and the Global University (2025, forthcoming) 

- Scott GK MacLeod  
Founder, President, CEO & Professor
CC-4 licensed MIT OCW-centric, Wiki, 
World University & School (WUaS) 
- USPS US Post Office, General Delivery, Canyon, CA 94516 


1) non-profit 501(c)(3) Public Charity 
MIT OCW-centric, 
 World University and School - http://worlduniversityandschool.org  

2) for profit general stock company WUaS Corporation in CA - http://worlduniversityandschool.org/AcademicPress.html

(m) 412 478 0116 - sgkmacleod@gmail.com 


World Univ & Sch Innovation Research -  scottmacleod.com 



*  

Dear HTGAA 2025,


I hope you all enjoyed a restful and rejuvenating spring break! And I hope you are all ready for the home-stretch of the semester—we have a big few weeks ahead!

This week, we are honored to have joining us Professor Kate Adamala from the University of Minnesota to share her work on Synthetic Minimal Cells; Dr. Peter Nguyen from the Wyss Institute to discuss their innovations in applying cell-free systems to advanced materials, textiles, and other platforms (his talk is entitled “Freeze-Dried Cell-Free Synthetic Biology & Wearables”); and finally, Dr. Ally Huang, who will present their work in applying cell-free lysates to STEM education and outreach.

Our schedule on Tuesday (tomorrow) will be as follows:

E15-341

2:05-2:50pm ET: Homework Review & Final Project Discussion
2:50-3:00pm ET: BREAK
3:00-3:40pm ET: Kate Adamala
3:40-4:20pm ET: Peter Nguyen
4:20-5:00pm ET: Ally Huang


///
Regarding Final Projects, for MIT and Harvard students, a few notes and deadlines:

(1) Over the next two weeks, please establish your Final Project Aim 1 experimental plans! 

(2) Thanks to generous sponsorship from our industry partners Thermo Fisher Scientific and Twist Biosciences, you will have access to reagents and equipment from Thermo and DNA synthesis from Twist! Thus, please prepare any final project orders for both Thermo and Twist by Friday April 11. 

(3) All registered MIT and Harvard students have been assigned TA mentors to support your projects! Their names and emails can be found in the ‘presenter notes’ section of your final project idea slides. It is YOUR responsibility to reach out to your TA mentors! Take advantage of this opportunity and reach out to them ASAP to help you with your experimental plans and Thermo / Twist orders!

We will discuss these items in detail during class tomorrow. 

///
Regarding Final Projects, for Committed Listeners (CLs):

(1) Over the next week we are assigning each of you to a TA mentor to help advise you with your final project! Their names and emails can be found in the ‘presenter notes’ section of your final project idea slides. It is YOUR responsibility to reach out to your TA mentors! If you do not yet have a TA mentor assigned, please be patient, as we are still assigning mentors to projects. 

(2) While CLs will NOT have access to Thermo Fisher orders, you WILL have access to DNA synthesis from Twist! Work with your node leaders and TAs to help prepare your DNA synthesis orders. Thank you in advance to TAs Derek and Adrian for your help in facilitating!

That’s it for now everyone, see you all in class tomorrow!

Best,
David


———————
David Sun Kong, Ph.D.
Director
Community Biotechnology Initiative
MIT Media Lab



* * * 


Stanford Law Rock Center - 

"The Reincorporation Dilemma – Should Your Company Move Out of Delaware? Confirmation" & re WUaS Corporation, a legal entitty in the state of California 


Scott MacLeod sgkmacleod@worlduniversityandschool.org

1:18 PM (5 hours ago)
to Rock, Kristen, kseeger, asimmerman, Swaroop, roland.krueger, Hank, Barbara, Lydia, Peter, Edward, Sid

Dear Kristen, Amy, Grant, Kristen, All, 

greetings! Thanks for your excellent panel - 
The Reincorporation Dilemma – Should Your Company Move Out of Delaware?  -
https://law.stanford.edu/event/webinar-the-reincorporation-dilemma-should-your-company-move-out-of-delaware/ .

I left a bit early to return to a MIT Harvard How to Grow (Almost) Anything synthetic biology class and in WUaS seeking also to grow a #RealisticVirtualEarth #For SyntheticBiology, in the event that you answered this question - 

Here's the question I asked in the text chat - 

"Kristen, Amy, Grant, Kristen … What about the state of California’s law here? How does the state of California, in this conversation,  offer “a well-established and predictable legal framework and business- friendly courts”? Thanks, Scott GK MacLeod (& regarding 1) the WUaS Corporation, a for profit general stock company legal entity in the state of California - http://worlduniversityandschool.org/AcademicPress.html, AND 2) WUaS’s first wing, MIT OCW-centric wiki World Univ & Sch WUaS, a non-profit 501 c 3 US federal legal entity, and 3) a tax-exempt legal entity in the state of California - http://worlduniversityandschool.org/ - with tax ID numbers and names at the bottom of these 2 web pages, so 3 WUaS legal entities)? Thanks!"

The WUaS Corporation incorporated in a Stanford Law CodeX presentation in 2017 by Tom Martin and his LawDroid via an AI chatbot program -

And the WUaS Corporation / Academic Press at WUaS in 7159 known living languages with machine translation / the WUAS Educational Services' stores for books, computers, robotics, groceries, hospital technologies (think Walmart which is in 19 out of about 200 countries, where WUaS seeks to be in all 200 countries, per the Olympics, and in their main languages) seeks to multi-list on the emerging Silicon Valley Long-term stock exchange, NASDAQ?, and possibly on stock exchanges in each of all ~200 countries and in their main languages ... and in seeking to code for most of all 7.9 billion people on the planet, each a Wikidata PIN # from  - https://wiki.worlduniversityandschool.org/wiki/You_at_World_University - and to distribute Stanford Mine Pi Cryptocurrency free money daily, which you or anyone can get here - https://minepi.com/sgkmac - and with which WUaS has a partnering letter, potentially to end poverty worldwide even, as well as create at wiki WUaS free universal education, among speakers of all 7159 known living languages. 

How would the for profit general stock company legal entity in the state of California WUaS Corporation best multi-list on these stock markets ... and interoperate with the non-profit 501 c 3 US federal legal entity MIT OCW-centric wiki World Univ & Sch WUaS, re state of California law "offering a well-established and predictable legal framework and business- friendly courts”?

Thank you, best regards, Friendly greetings, 
Scott
Scott GK MacLeod




PS
Here are the MIT OCW-centric wiki World Univ & Sch WUaS Monthly Business Meeting minutes as a recording from Saturday 3/15/25 
and




* 

 
Hi Scott GK MacLeod,

Thank you for registering for The Reincorporation Dilemma – Should Your Company Move Out of Delaware?.

Description: For many decades, Delaware has been the leading forum for incorporation in the United States, offering a well-established and predictable legal framework and business- friendly courts. However, recent decisions out of Delaware Chancery Court deemed unfavorable to controlling stockholders have prompted some businesses to reevaluate their incorporation choices. Prominent companies like Tesla and Dropbox have moved out of Delaware and reincorporated in states like Texas and Nevada, and rumors are circulating that more will follow. In February, the Delaware legislature proposed significant amendments to the Delaware General Corporation Law (DGCL) addressing some of the issues that have driven the Delaware exit - or “DExit” - phenomenon.



Date Time: Apr 1, 2025 12:00 PM Pacific Time (US and Canada)

Join from a PC, Mac, iPad, iPhone or Android device:
Please click this URL to join. https://stanford.zoom.us/w/97124108500?tk=7jlCa_4e9LJPx5xfIgpNBVzLWavc07kIi3y49CYMd7U.DQcAAAAWnQxI1BZLLVJUS1FBT1FHZTdDTkVmVjJqVC13AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA&pwd=UXUtYsxu8K4gGftWE4hp1CjPTnLECa.1&uuid=WN_GAk-Ym3bTHig7HqEaBaCsg
Note: This link should not be shared with others; it is unique to you.

Password: 229696

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Or iPhone one-tap :
US: +16507249799,,97124108500# or +18333021536,,97124108500# (Toll Free)

Or Telephone:
Dial(for higher quality, dial a number based on your current location):     
US: +1 650 724 9799 or +1 833 302 1536 (Toll Free)
Webinar ID: 971 2410 8500
Password: 229696
International numbers available: https://stanford.zoom.us/u/ac0ZMSYBjV





* * * 


What's up with this now and regarding 5 years ago -

https://scott-macleod.blogspot.com/2020/04/himalyan-monal-how-are-harbin-hot.html


Wednesday, April 1, 2020

Himalyan Monal: How are the Harbin Hot Springs' Residents coping - in this time of 'national emergency' in the USA? * * * New newspaper ... "Hypothetical News" ... with first tentative headlines: The novel coronavirus COVID-19 (SARS CoV-2) pandemic has been primarily 1 a fire drill - i.e. 'in case of emergency' (eg genetic, war, nuclear) - and lead to governments, internet media, and economies working together internally in all ~200 countries, and internationally too * * * I think this question of caring for Harbin Residents comes back to the state of California and Lake County as governmental entities in part ...

https://scott-macleod.blogspot.com/2020/04/himalyan-monal-how-are-harbin-hot.html


Residents are no more at Harbin (sociologically in many ways)  ... with Harbin Hot Springs ~ Heart Consciousness Church hiring staff now, and post Valley Fire of September 12, 2016, for one ... 





* 


far side of earth's moon - 




near side of earth's moon - 








https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lava_flows_in_Mare_Imbrium_%28AS15-M-1558%29.png/1200px-Lava_flows_in_Mare_Imbrium_%28AS15-M-1558%29.png














https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Moon


AND


What are the 10 closest places in the universe to Earth that people may go with space travel to visit first and do science there?

Closest Habitable Space Destinations 


It appears you're asking about the closest potentially habitable locations in the universe for future space travel and scientific research. It's important to clarify that interstellar travel (travel between stars) is currently beyond our technological capabilities for human missions due to the vast distances involved. However, we can discuss the closest celestial bodies that could be targets for initial space exploration and scientific study.

Here are 10 of the closest places to Earth that people may aim to visit for scientific purposes, keeping in mind the current and near-future possibilities of space travel:

  1. The Moon: Our closest celestial neighbor. It's a prime location for studying planetary formation, lunar geology, and the effects of long-duration spaceflight. Future missions aim to establish a sustained human presence and conduct extensive scientific research.

    • Distance: Approximately 240,000 miles (384,400 km).
    • Travel Time (current tech): Several days.
    • Science Potential: Lunar geology, resource utilization (water ice), astrophysics from a unique vantage point, and a testing ground for Mars mission technologies.

  2. Mars: The most studied planet after Earth and a major target for future human missions. It has evidence of past liquid water and potential for microbial life, making it a key astrobiology research site.

    • Distance: Varies greatly depending on orbital positions, but the closest approach is around 34 million miles (54.6 million km).
    • Travel Time (current estimates): Roughly 6-9 months one way.
    • Science Potential: Searching for past or present life, studying Martian geology and climate history, understanding planetary evolution, and potential for future human colonization.

  3. Venus: Our closest planetary neighbor. While its surface is extremely hot and inhospitable, its upper atmosphere has more Earth-like conditions and is a subject of astrobiological interest.

    • Distance: Closest approach around 26 million miles (41.8 million km).
    • Travel Time (estimated): Around 3-4 months.
    • Science Potential: Studying the runaway greenhouse effect, atmospheric science, and potentially searching for microbial life in the more temperate upper atmosphere.

  4. Near-Earth Asteroids (NEAs): Numerous asteroids pass relatively close to Earth. They offer opportunities to study the early solar system's composition and could potentially be resources for future space activities.

    • Distance: Varies greatly; some come within millions of miles.
    • Travel Time: Depends on the specific asteroid and trajectory. Robotic missions have reached asteroids in months to years. Human missions would likely take similar or longer durations.
    • Science Potential: Studying primordial materials, understanding asteroid composition and dynamics, and assessing their potential as resources (water, metals).

  5. Lagrange Points: These are points in space where the gravitational forces of two large bodies (like the Earth and the Moon, or the Earth and the Sun) 1 balance each other. They can serve as stable locations for scientific observatories and potential staging points for deeper space missions.   

    • Distance: The Earth-Moon Lagrange points are about 38,000 to 45,000 miles (61,000 to 72,000 km) from the Moon. The Earth-Sun L1 point is about 930,000 miles (1.5 million km) from Earth.
    • Travel Time: Weeks to months.
    • Science Potential: Ideal locations for astronomical observatories (free from Earth's atmosphere and light pollution), studying the Sun-Earth environment, and potentially as waystations for interplanetary travel.

  6. The Moons of Mars (Phobos and Deimos): These small, irregularly shaped moons could be stepping stones for human missions to Mars and offer unique scientific opportunities.

    • Distance: Phobos orbits about 3,700 miles (6,000 km) above Mars' surface, and Deimos orbits at about 12,800 miles (20,600 km).
    • Travel Time: Would be part of a broader Mars mission, adding potentially weeks to the overall travel time.
    • Science Potential: Studying captured asteroids, understanding the Martian environment, and potentially as bases for robotic exploration of Mars.

  7. Europa (Moon of Jupiter): While further away, Europa is a high-priority target for astrobiology due to the strong evidence of a subsurface ocean that could potentially harbor life. Future robotic missions are planned. Human missions are a long-term aspiration.

    • Distance: Approximately 390 million miles (628 million km) at Jupiter's closest approach to Earth.
    • Travel Time (robotic probes): Several years. Human missions would likely take even longer.
    • Science Potential: Investigating the subsurface ocean for signs of life, studying its composition and habitability, and understanding icy moon geology.

  8. Enceladus (Moon of Saturn): Similar to Europa, Enceladus has a subsurface ocean and plumes of water ice and organic molecules erupting into space, making it another compelling target for astrobiology.

    • Distance: Approximately 746 million miles (1.2 billion km) at Saturn's closest approach to Earth.
    • Travel Time (robotic probes): Several years. Human missions would be even longer.
    • Science Potential: Analyzing the plume composition for biosignatures, studying the ocean's properties, and understanding the geological activity of icy moons.

  9. Titan (Moon of Saturn): Titan is unique for having a dense atmosphere and liquid methane and ethane lakes and rivers on its surface. It offers a very different environment to study prebiotic chemistry and potentially exotic forms of life.

    • Distance: Same as Saturn, approximately 746 million miles (1.2 billion km) at closest approach.
    • Travel Time (robotic probes): Several years. Human missions would be longer.
    • Science Potential: Studying atmospheric chemistry, liquid hydrocarbon cycles, and searching for unique forms of life in a non-water-based environment.

  10. Ceres (Dwarf Planet in the Asteroid Belt): As the largest object in the asteroid belt, Ceres may have a subsurface ocean and contains water ice and organic molecules, making it an interesting target for studying the potential for habitability in smaller solar system bodies.

    • Distance: Varies, but around 250 million miles (400 million km) at its closest to Earth.
    • Travel Time (robotic probe): Several years. Human missions would likely be longer.
    • Science Potential: Investigating the potential subsurface ocean, studying the composition of a differentiated asteroid, and understanding the distribution of water ice in the early solar system.

It's crucial to remember that while these are the closest locations, the feasibility of human travel and in-depth scientific research varies greatly depending on the destination and our technological advancements. Currently, the Moon and Mars are the primary focus for near-term human space exploration beyond Earth orbit. The other locations are more likely to be visited by robotic probes in the coming decades, with human missions remaining a longer-term goal.

Regarding the "universe," it's important to note that the vast distances to other star systems (interstellar space) make human travel to even the closest stars, like Proxima Centauri (4.24 light-years away), currently impractical with existing technology. A light-year is the distance light travels in one year, which is about 5.88 trillion miles (9.46 trillion kilometers). Reaching even the closest star would take thousands of years with our current propulsion systems. Therefore, the initial focus of human space travel for exploration and science will remain within our solar system.


Closest Habitable Space Destinations 







...


at

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